Inverters/Chargers

Function of the inverter / charger

The battery is connected to the electrics in the property using an inverter / charger.

The charger controls the electricity flowing to the battery during the recharging phase. It provides a charge profile appropriate to the battery size and type, in particular controlling voltage and current, and adjusting the charge profile to suit the battery cell temperature.

A DC charge controller is used as a direct interface between a DC source (such as a solar array) and the battery. It converts the variable DC input voltage to the precise required DC charge voltage.

An AC charger provides a DC charge from an AC source (e.g. the mains grid, or AC supplied by the solar PV inverter).

An inverter-charger can work as an AC charger when charging the battery (from an AC source), and as an inverter to invert the battery charge from DC back to AC when taking DC power out of the battery.

DC vs AC coupling

Batteries are charged with DC electricity. PV systems generate DC electricity, which has to be converted to AC electricity by the PV inverter.

There are two ways of coupling the battery system to the PV system / electricity network:

• AC coupling – connect the battery charger to the AC side of the network, as in the schematic below. In this case the charger is in fact an 'inverter / charger', converting AC back to DC before storage in the battery. The battery inverter / charger is separate from the PV inverter.
  
  A typical AC coupled schematic is as follows:

• DC coupling – connect the battery charger to the DC side of the PV system, thus electricity generated by the PV panels can be stored before it is inverted to AC.
  
  DC coupled systems have a single unit acting as PV inverter and battery charger, making them ideal for new PV installations, as opposed to retrofit applications where there is already a PV system in place with a pre-existing inverter.
  
  Most modern all-in-one battery systems, including the Tesla Powerwall 3 and Sigenergy SigenStor, are DC coupled as standard, making them ideal for new solar and storage installations. Victron Energy systems can also be configured with DC-coupled PV for more bespoke applications.
  
  A typical DC coupled schematic is as follows:

DC coupling and export tariffs

With DC coupling, the generation meter is installed after the DC/AC inverter and thus after the battery. Total measured generation is therefore reduced by the round-trip storage losses incurred on any energy stored in the battery, typically 5–10% with modern LFP systems.

For customers still receiving the Feed-in Tariff (FiT) on a system installed before 2019, this reduction in measured generation will reduce the tariff income received. In those cases, an AC coupled retrofit battery may make more financial sense.

For new systems on the Smart Export Guarantee (SEG), DC coupling is generally superior, it reduces the number of AC/DC conversions, lowering overall system losses and improving efficiency.

For more information call us on 0118 951 4490 or download our free guide to storage: